Tezos

Tezos is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Tezos.
Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Staked-Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated-Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) and Proof-of-Authority (PoA). This method is intended to support fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralisation and security. Validators are responsible for producing blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining network security. The validator set consists of up to 45 validators, including 21 “Cabinet” validators and 24 “Candidate” validators, selected based on bonded stake. A subset of validators is selected per epoch to participate in block production. Token holders may delegate BNB to validators to support their selection. Delegators share in the rewards generated by validators, providing an economic incentive to participate in staking. Validator candidates are nodes that have staked BNB but are not part of the primary validator subset for a given epoch. They may be selected into the active set based on staking rank and can participate in block production with lower probability. Validators are ranked based on the amount of bonded BNB and are updated periodically. Validators must stake BNB as collateral and may be subject to slashing in cases of misbehaviour, including double-signing, malicious voting, or prolonged downtime.
Tezos operates on a Liquid Proof of Stake (LPoS) consensus mechanism, which combines flexibility in staking participation with an on-chain governance model. Core Components: Liquid Proof of Stake (LPoS) Tezos allows token holders to participate in staking by either directly staking their tokens or delegating them to a validator (known as a baker) without transferring ownership. Validators (bakers) are responsible for creating new blocks (baking) and endorsing other blocks for validation. Bakers and Endorsers Bakers are selected based on the amount of XTZ (Tezos tokens) staked or delegated to them. The more XTZ staked, the higher the probability of being chosen to bake or endorse blocks. Endorsers are randomly selected from a pool of bakers to validate and approve blocks baked by other bakers. This additional validation enhances network security. Self-Amendment and Governance Tezos’s unique governance model allows token holders to propose, vote on, and implement network upgrades without requiring hard forks. This self-amendment protocol enables Tezos to evolve based on community and developer input, making it highly adaptable and flexible.

Tezos is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Tezos.
Validators must self-delegate BNB in order to participate in the validator system. Validator selection is staking-based, and validators that rank highly enough enter the active set and participate in block production and transaction validation. Validators are rewarded from transaction fees collected on the network. When a block is produced, most of the block fee is allocated to the validator that proposed the block. A portion is retained as validator commission, while the remainder is allocated for distribution through the validator credit structure. BNB holders may delegate BNB to validators. This increases the validator’s total stake and may improve its position in the validator ranking. Delegators share in the rewards earned by the validator they support, after deduction of the validator’s commission. BSC distinguishes between Cabinet, Candidate and Inactive validators. The current model provides that the top 21 validators form the Cabinet, while the validators ranked from 22 to 45 are Candidates. Candidate validators have a smaller chance of producing blocks, but they remain part of the broader validator structure and support network resilience. Validator roles are updated every 24 hours based on the latest staking information. Validators may be penalised for misconduct or poor performance. Slashable events include double signing, malicious fast-finality voting and unavailability. Depending on the violation, consequences may include removal from the validator set, loss of staking rewards and slashing of part of the validator’s self-delegated BNB. The staking model therefore creates an economic incentive for validators and delegators to support reliable validator performance. Transaction fees on BSC are paid in BNB and are intended to compensate validators for maintaining the network. BSC is designed as a comparatively low-fee network, and smart-contract transactions and transfers require gas fees in BNB. BSC does not rely on a separate protocol-level block reward. Instead, staking rewards are derived from transaction fees. Most of the block fee is allocated to the proposing validator, then split between validator commission and delegator-linked reward distribution. Part of transaction-fee revenue is collected through the System Reward Contract and used for designated system purposes, including fast-finality rewards. Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC requires payment of gas fees in BNB. These fees depend on the computational resources required and form part of the network’s overall fee and validator-incentive model.
Tezos incentivizes network participation and security through baking rewards, transaction fees, and an inflationary reward model. Incentive Mechanisms: Rewards for Baking and Endorsing Bakers receive XTZ rewards for baking new blocks. Endorsers, who validate and approve blocks baked by others, are also rewarded in XTZ. These rewards encourage active participation and help secure the network. Delegation Incentives XTZ holders who do not wish to bake can delegate their tokens to a baker, earning a share of the baker’s rewards without directly participating. This delegation option broadens participation, making it accessible to more users, thereby enhancing overall network security. Security Deposit Requirement Bakers are required to post a bond (security deposit) in XTZ to bake blocks, which is held as collateral to prevent dishonest actions. If a baker acts maliciously, they risk forfeiting this bond, creating a disincentive for bad behavior and aligning bakers’ interests with network integrity. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees Users pay transaction fees in XTZ for activities such as transferring funds and interacting with smart contracts. These fees are awarded to bakers and endorsers, providing them with an additional incentive to validate and secure the network. Inflationary Reward Model Tezos has an inflationary reward system, where new XTZ tokens are periodically created and distributed as rewards to bakers and endorsers. This model encourages continuous participation but gradually increases the XTZ supply, balancing network security and token availability over time.

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components:
For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called 'bottom-up' approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.
To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) binance_smart_chain is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.
The following sources where used: tzStats