CFTC versus Binance:
Clash of the titans

CFTC versus Binance:
Clash of the titans

The world’s leading crypto exchange by volume, Binance, alongside its CEO, Changpeng Zhao, and ex-Chief Compliance Officer, Samuel Lim, are being sued by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). 

The lawsuit claims that the crypto exchange went against the US derivatives laws by offering its trading services to US clients without registering with the relevant market regulators, the CFTC included. The independent agency further accused Binance of prioritising profits over regulatory compliance. Besides the crypto exchange, the CFTC is also suing Zhao and Lim, who have both been accused of violating various rules of the Commodities Exchange Act. 

While this isn’t the first running that Binance is having with different regulatory bodies in the US, the CFTC case is the first where the exchange is being sued in all earnest. The CFTC is also pushing for a ban on Zhao, Lim, and its associates from ‘trading on registered entities, holding any commodity interest, registering or exempting with CFTC or acting as a principal, officer, or employee of a registered entity’. 

While Binance’s current fate in the US markets is uncertain, its token BNB and Bitcoin took a dip following a rumour that spread around an arrest warrant for Zhao. While the rumours turned out to be just that – Binance CEO CZ believes it was intentionally stirred by a rival exchange – it’s clear that the case at hand is showing that the US is serious about protecting US investors by enforcing its laws, even against the most potent crypto players. Depending on what the CFTC can prove in court, Binance’s operations in the US might cease. 

That the tides might be turning for exchanges in the US is also indicated by Bittrex’s recent announcement. The exchange, which was once one of the biggest exchanges in the United States, has been forced to close its operations following massive drops in its trade volumes due to regulatory issues. Representatives of Bittrex say that, ultimately, Uncle Sam is to blame for creating an unfavourable regulatory environment. 
 

Ethereum second layer solutions: A long way to go

Arbitrum, an Ethereum layer-2 protocol, finally had its airdrop on March 23, 2023, and it was one of the crypto ecosystem’s biggest airdrops so far. All the relevant stats related to the airdrop and Arbitrum can be seen here. The very much anticipated event caused the Arbitrum Foundation’s website to crash shortly after users started claiming their ABR tokens. Besides introducing its own crypto asset, the airdrop was also meant to transition Arbitrum into a decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) giving ARB token holders rights to vote on governance matters linked to the layer-2 blockchain via the chain’s DAO.  

As a layer-2 solution, Arbitrum has been built atop the Ethereum blockchain to expand the network’s scalability. Arbitrum significantly reduces the on-chain transaction costs while boosting scalability. Built by Offchain Labs in 2021, Arbitrum incorporates optimistic rollups to lower the high transactional gas fees. An optimistic rollup is a scaling approach that combines several off-chain transactions in batches in a process referred to as ‘rolling up’. Once this rolling up is complete, the batch of transactions is presented as one transaction and anchored on the Ethereum blockchain, thus reducing gas prices and easing network latency. 

The rollup helps make Arbitrum cheaper and faster. For instance, it costs a few dollars to transact on Ethereum, while it costs a couple of cents to process a transaction on the Arbitrum blockchain. Additionally, Arbitrum can process up to 40K transactions per second while Ethereum can, roughly, process 14 transactions per second. Two days before the airdrop, the Arbitrum blockchain processed nearly 1.66 million and 1.56 million transactions on March 21 and March 22, respectively. A report on Etherscan showed that Ethereum processed less than this number. 

As it stands, Arbitrum is proving itself as a top contender scaling solution that’s showing the rest of the pack how to scale the largest smart contract blockchain in existence in today. However, there is still a lot to be done in relation to decentralisation and trust. This became quite evident just when Arbitrum launched its first governance proposal. 

The Arbitrum Improvement Proposal (AIP-1) Framework proposed the structure with which Arbitrum DAO would be governed by ARB token holders. As per the proposal, the Arbitrum Foundation would be funded with 750 million ARB tokens – this translates to 7.5% of the total ARB supply – to be utilised in covering “special grants, reimbursing applicable service providers for the total setup costs and covering ongoing administrative and operational costs of The Arbitrum Foundation”. 

Leading up to the vote, this became a ball of contention, raising controversy within the ARB community, with the biggest issue being the allocation of 750 million ARB tokens going to the team. As of the time of writing, around 76% of ARB token holders have voted against the decision, signalling that they don’t approve of what has been proposed by the foundation.

However, DAO voters looked stupid when the Arbitrum Foundation announced that some of the tokens had already been sold for stablecoins, with 40 million tokens being allocated to a sophisticated actor in the financial markets space as a loan and 10 million tokens converted to fiat currency to cover operational costs. Following the backlash faced from the community, the Arbitrum Foundation stated on April 2, via a forum post, that AIP-1 was not a proposal but a ratification.  

The unfolding of Arbitrum’s governance proposal showed once more: Decentralised finance (DeFi) and blockchain infrastructure protocols aren’t as decentralised as many people want them to be. And as already stated, there is a lot more work that needs to be done for them to achieve trust and decentralisation. 
 

ZK-rollups: The next big area of growth in the blockchain space

With scaling solutions like Arbitrum and Optimism live, zkSync is the next layer-2 protocol that could potentially do an airdrop after successfully launching the beta version of its zkSync Era Alpha mainnet. Matter Labs, a blockchain technology firm, developed zkSync, a layer-2 scaling solution in 2019. Similar to other scaling solutions, zkSync was developed to address the scalability issues facing the Ethereum blockchain. 

The protocol utilises zero-knowledge (zk) technology, which is based on zero-knowledge proofs to process and speed up transactions and lower gas fees. Zk proofs allow transactions to be verified without the need to reveal any identifying information about the transaction itself. 

As such, zk proofs are important for the whole Web3 space, Ethereum and DeFi included. This is because the technology helps to provide enhanced security and privacy in transactions. Additionally, it also enables transactions to be processed a lot faster and cost-efficiently. 

Zk rollups have recently started evolving into an advanced stage where they are compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This allows them to offer more advanced smart contract capabilities. As such, solutions like zkSync are serious contenders. After Arbitrum and Ethereum itself, zkSync comes in third in terms of observed transactions per second averaged over a single day. 
 

Swiss payment vision: DLT to play a role

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) will continue with its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) securities settlement program, also called Project Helvetia. The project launched in 2020 as a proof of concept and two phases were completed in January 2022. The program tested the issuance and settlement of tokenised securities using a wholesale CBDC (wCBDC) on the SIX Digital Exchange (SDX), the world's first fully regulated digital exchange, in the first phase. The program then extended the work that had been achieved in Phase I by showcasing that wCBDC can be integrated with existing core banking systems. Also, this test run included five commercial banks in its second phase. 

In the stage that will follow, the bank will issue the wholesale CBDC on SDX and run a few transactions with market participants. Additionally, it will experiment with a “synthetic” wholesale CBDC, which is essentially a stablecoin pegged to SNB deposits. SNB will also test the processing of tokenised securities through a connection to the Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) RTGS system. 

SDX was instrumental in the experiment, as its platform was used to test and settle the tokenised assets. The digital asset exchange is slowly but surely gaining traction. Earlier this year, a $370 million blockchain bond was issued via SDX a few months back by UBS, a Swiss bank. In January of this year, the city of Lugano also issued a digital bond worth 100 million Swiss francs on the blockchain through the SIX Digital Exchange (SDX).